Astronomer

Astronomers are scientists who explore the universe, studying the structure of planets, stars, galaxies, black holes and other celestial objects and phenomena

As an astronomer, you'll usually work in either observational or theoretical astronomy, although there can be overlap between the two. Or you could be involved in the creation of astronomy tools and equipment.

Most modern research in astronomy involves significant data analysis, computer programming and modelling, whether you work with real data from observatories or do theoretical work.

Careers in astronomy are diverse, including roles such as planetary geologists, astrobiologists, cosmologists and telescope design engineers. Some institutions hire public engagement specialists, where your role as an astronomer includes sharing knowledge and developing programmes for school children and the wider public.

Types of astronomy

The main types of astronomy include:

• observational astronomy - using telescopes and cameras to look at the stars galaxies and other astronomical objects
• theoretical astronomy - where you'll use maths and computer models to explain observations and predictions
• instrumentation astronomy - focused on the development of tools and technologies such as telescopes and detectors for astronomical research.

You could also choose to specialise in studying:

• planets
• stars
• galaxies
• cosmology (the origin of the universe).

Responsibilities

Typically, you'll be employed by either a university or a dedicated research institute (which may be affiliated with a university). In most cases you'll need to:

• collect and analyse data from cameras, satellites and other observations (if working in observational astronomy)
• plan and execute research projects to answer fundamental questions (such as how do galaxies form?)
• apply for time to observe at international observatories, if necessary to your work
• read existing academic literature
• put your work in the context of other researchers' work
• write scientific articles
• apply for grants to fund your research
• collaborate with other astronomers, often internationally
• present your work at conferences
• communicate what you do in ways that is accessible to the public - a feature of some roles.

In some postdoctoral roles, you may be expected to take on some teaching responsibilities, which can include:

• training and mentoring students and postdoctoral researchers
• teaching courses in astronomy or related areas.

Salary

• If you're doing a PhD and have been awarded a studentship, it will usually come with a tax-free stipend to help cover living costs. As of 2024/25, this is at least £19,237, although some may be higher.
• Astronomers with a PhD generally first go on to do a postdoctoral position, which pays £35,000 to £46,000.
• Some competitive fellowships can offer salaries of more than £50,000 and in senior positions, such as that of a university professor or researcher, it's possible to earn up to around £65,000+.

Most academic institutions in the UK follow a single pay spine for all grades of staff. Pay will vary depending on the grants funding your research whether you're a lecturer. Outside of academia, salaries can vary widely. For current details on PhD studentship stipends, see UKRI - Studentships and Doctoral Training.

Income figures are intended as a guide only.

Working hours

As an astronomer, you'll work a range of hours depending on your setting, but most roles offer some flexibility. Your schedule may be irregular at times, especially if you're involved in observational work or need to travel for conferences.

While overnight observations still happen occasionally, this is becoming less common. In many cases, data is now gathered remotely by ground-based or space telescopes and sent online, so you can carry out your analysis during regular working hours.

What to expect

• Modern astronomy research is heavily computer-based and therefore involves significant data analysis and programming skills.
• Permanent astronomy research jobs are rare and highly competitive, with most researchers undertaking one or more postdoctoral positions before securing a permanent role.
• Astronomy is a small community, so you can expect to travel internationally quite often to present your results and collaborate with others in your specific subfield.
• Related associations, such as the Royal Astronomical Society, actively promote equality, inclusion and diversity in astronomy through dedicated policies and outreach programmes.
• Astronomers rarely work in isolation. In addition to staying informed about the work of colleagues at your own institution, you'll be expected to keep up with global research developments and place your own findings within the wider scientific context.

Qualifications

Almost all professional astronomy jobs require you to have, or be working towards, a PhD. To apply for a PhD, you'll generally need at least a 2:1 undergraduate degree in a relevant subject, such as:

• astronomy or astrophysics
• physics
• mathematics
• computer science
• space or planetary science
• geology or geoscience
• earth sciences.

Degrees in electrical, mechanical aerospace or systems engineering are common for roles in instrumentation, especially in telescope or spacecraft design.

Some technical or support roles in astronomy research (e.g. data analysis or lab technician roles) might be accessible with a Bachelors degree, but for independent research or academic progression, a PhD is almost always required.

It's possible to work in astronomy research with only an undergraduate degree, but to progress you'll need a PhD. Professors in astronomy usually have a PhD but sometimes also several years of postdoctoral positions as well before securing a permanent academic post.

In the UK, PhD studentships in astronomy are often funded by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), part of UKRI. Funding is awarded to institutions, which then allocate studentships to candidates. Universities will provide details on how to apply, and deadlines can be early, so it’s important to start exploring options well in advance.

Once you’ve completed a PhD, you may take up a postdoctoral research position or apply for a competitive research fellowship, which will enable you to carry out independent research and begin establishing your own research profile.

Applicants for permanent academic posts typically have five to ten years of research experience. This includes their PhD and one or more postdoctoral roles, along with a strong record of publications, grant applications and academic collaboration.

Skills

You'll need to have:

• strong physics, mathematics, statistics and computer programming skills
• research and analysis skills
• problem solving/trouble shooting skills
• excellent communication, both oral and written
• the ability to make progress without strict deadlines
• collaboration and teamwork
• project management skills
• the ability to train and mentor students
• motivation and drive to study your area of research.

Work experience

Look into summer research programmes offered by UK universities or schemes like the STFC summer placement programme for undergraduate students.

Getting some work experience at an observatory or astronomical museum would also give you an understanding of how to use equipment and how data is collected. More generally, customer-facing roles would also allow you to gain skills in dealing with and communicating with the public.

There are many observatories in the UK, including:

• Jodrell Bank, Cheshire
• The Royal Observatory, Greenwich and Edinburgh
• Tolcarn Research and Educational Observatory, Cornwall.

There are also many other smaller amateur clubs and stargazing organisations in locations across the UK.

Find out more about the different kinds of work experience and internships that are available.

Employers

Most astronomers are employed by universities, but there are a few government and private institutions (such as observatories) that hire astronomers. Permanent positions in both astronomy research and outreach can be competitive, so you may have to consider moving internationally to pursue this career.

You could also consider working for the:

• European Southern Observatory (ESO)
• UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC)
• European Space Agency (ESA)

Look for astronomy roles at:

• Jobs.ac.uk
• Nature Careers
• SpaceCareers.uk
• Times Higher Education

Professional development

If you're studying for a PhD while employed in a research post, you'll be mentored by your supervisor, who will oversee your research. You may be offered additional training either by the institution or by external organisations such as Vitae, which supports the professional development of researchers.

After a PhD, most astronomers go on to hold at least one postdoctoral position. Individual fellowships are also granted by national (UKRI) and international funding agencies, allowing you to gain independence in your research career.

If you're employed by a university, there will be many opportunities to improve on research, training, communication and management skills throughout your career.

You’ll need to stay current with developments through academic journals, international conferences (such as the National Astronomy Meeting) and collaboration with research groups. Membership of professional societies, such as The Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society can help with this.

Academic research astronomers are often recognised by named professorships and invitations to become fellows of various professional societies.

Career prospects

In academic research, a PhD is usually followed by at least one, but sometimes more, short-term postdoctoral research contracts, typically lasting up to three years. There may be only a few specialists in your particular subfield within the UK, so postdoctoral roles often offer the opportunity to work internationally and gain expertise from leading researchers around the world.

Permanent research posts in astronomy are primarily based at universities and are highly competitive. Evidence of research impact is generally assessed by the quality and volume of peer-reviewed publications, research collaborations, and success in attracting funding. Fellowships for recent PhD graduates and early-career researchers can support independent research and help build a strong academic track record.

Progression from lecturer to senior roles such as reader or professor depends on maintaining research excellence, securing grants, contributing to departmental leadership and providing high-quality teaching and student supervision.

There are very few academic posts for astronomers without a PhD, and even technical or support roles often attract applicants with research experience. Astronomy is a relatively small field globally, so flexibility regarding location and institution type can increase your chances of securing a permanent position.

Alternatively, you could transition into a related career, such as aerospace, satellite development, data science, science communication, or the geophysics industry. Many astronomers also move into consultancy, management or technical leadership roles where they can apply their analytical, programming and problem-solving skills.