Guide to qualifications

After completing their A-levels, many students decide to go to university to study a Bachelors degree. However, with a range of options available, it's important to choose the qualification that best fits your career aspirations

What is an undergraduate degree?

In the UK, an undergraduate degree is an academic step up from A-levels (or their equivalent), typically completed at a university or other higher education (HE) institution.

There are generally three kinds of undergraduate courses:

• those leading to a degree
• intermediate qualifications in the form of certificates or diplomas
• those combining workplace learning and academic study.

What's the difference between undergraduate and postgraduate study?

Both fall under the umbrella term 'higher education', but they relate to different levels of qualification:

• An undergraduate is someone enrolled in higher education who has yet to receive their first degree.
• A postgraduate is any student engaged in higher education beyond their first degree.

While the majority of undergraduate degrees include lectures, seminars, and group projects, postgraduate courses tend to involve more research-based, independent study, culminating in a final dissertation.

The self-dictated learning of a Masters degree may initially be a shock, but it allows you to specialise in a field you're passionate about.

Get the lowdown on postgraduate study.

How do I choose the right course for me?

Various options are available, so it's important to do your research and determine which route would be the right fit for you.

• Open days - find out more about undergraduate courses while getting a feel for the university. It's an opportunity to have your questions answered by lecturers, students and alumni. Read up on university open days.
• Students - utilise online chat rooms and connections through family and friends to gain an insight into the student experience. Ask current and former students about the things they'd do differently, the quality of their course, and what life is like as a student.
• Tutors - your current tutors can offer advice, put you in touch with careers advisers and help you with your higher education application.
• Job profiles - search job profiles to see what qualifications you'll need for your chosen career.

For more guidance, see how to choose the right degree. You can also compare UK universities.

Types of undergraduate qualifications

Bachelors degree

This first-level academic degree, at Level 6 on the RQF, is the most common and widely studied undergraduate qualification, with thousands of courses available across the UK.

Studying for a Bachelors degree at university will give you an in-depth understanding of one or more subjects.

When applying for university, you can choose up to five full-time Bachelors courses through the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS). Discover how to apply for university.

How long does it take to complete a Bachelors degree?

An honours degree typically requires three to four years of full-time study, and many institutions offer the option of spending a year in industry (see work placements) or studying abroad.

Some courses, such as medicine and architecture, are exceptions as they can run for five or six years.

You can also choose to study a degree part time, which is well-suited to those who need to work while studying.

What are the entry requirements for Bachelors degrees?

Most students get into university by studying A-levels at school or college. Universities usually expect candidates to hold a certain number of GCSEs, especially in mathematics and English language.

Each institution sets its own minimum entry requirements, which can vary, even for the same course. Generally speaking, you'll need two A-levels, and these may need to be in a relevant subject.

Some universities may ask for a specific number of UCAS Tariff points instead of A-levels.

These targets can be met by securing particular A-level grades, but they can also be attained through other college courses such as T Levels, BTEC diplomas, HNCs, and the Access to HE Diploma.

For example, the University of Sheffield requires AAB at A-level (including mathematics and a science) for entry onto its BEng Electrical and Electronic Engineering, while Manchester Metropolitan University asks for 104 to 112 UCAS points (BCC or equivalent, including grade D in mathematics, further mathematics, mathematics and statistics or pure mathematics) for the same course.

What are the different types of Bachelors degrees?

The two most common types of Bachelors degree are Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science (BSc).

Other popular degree classifications include:

• Bachelor of Education (BEd)
• Bachelor of Engineering (BEng)
• Bachelor of Laws (LLB)
• Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB).

How are Bachelors degrees assessed?

Popular modes of assessment include:

• tests or problem sheets
• lab work and reports
• presentations
• group projects
• essays
• portfolios
• exams.

However, the way a Bachelors degree is assessed will depend on the nature of the course. For example, in addition to sitting exams, BA students can expect to write essays and give presentations, while BSc students may undergo practical lab-based tests.

The work you produce will fall into one of the following categories:

• Formative assessment - as this work won't count towards your final degree grade, these lessons are aimed at helping you to improve. Use the feedback provided to work on your weak points and look to make improvements.
• Summative assessment - forming part of your final grade, this work is a true measurement of how well you've performed. This form of assessment usually takes place towards the end of a term or academic year. You'll discover how well you've done and what steps you can take to progress.

How are university degrees graded?

All UK higher education institutions in this country adhere to the undergraduate degree classification system, which is based on a numerical scale:

• First-Class Honours (First) - 70% and higher
• Upper Second-Class Honours (2:1) - 60-70%
• Lower Second-Class Honours (2:2) - 50-60%
• Third-Class Honours (Third) - 40-50%

If you're unfamiliar with university degree grades, it's good to know that anything over 50% (2:2) for your first-year assignments means that you've demonstrated a good understanding of your subject.

Marks over 60% (2:1) show your tutors that you've developed a deep knowledge of the topic and are performing well at degree level.

Scoring 70% or above (First) means that you're performing to a high standard. To consistently get high marks, you'll need to carry out extensive research into the topic in question and bring your own ideas to the table through critical analysis.

As you progress through university, you can look to improve your marks and achieve a higher final degree grade.

Remember that it's important to have realistic expectations about your grades and the course you choose to study. You can discuss this with your academic tutor and course leader. They will be able to guide you along your journey and be honest about your performance.

What grades do I need to get a graduate job?

When it comes to finding jobs, many employers look to take on graduates with a 2:2 or above (50-60%) - see graduate schemes - so while a 2:1 or above (at least 60-69%) is desirable, it's not the end of the world if you fall slightly short of your goal.

How much are tuition fees?

Tuition fees for UK and Ireland students planning on studying in England in 2025/26 can be up to £9,535 per year.

UCAS has revealed that international students studying an undergraduate course in the UK can expect to pay about £22,000 per year.

Read more about student loans and finance.

What are the benefits of studying for a Bachelors degree?

Obtaining a Bachelors degree can broaden your horizons in the job market. The Department for Education's (DfE) Graduate Labour Market statistics 2023 report shows that graduates have significantly higher rates of employment at nearly 88% compared to nearly 70% for non-graduates. They also earn an average of £6,500 more per year than non-graduates.

A Bachelors also allows you to enrol in postgraduate study, where you can expect to earn around £3,000 more than those with a first degree.

To discover the employment prospects for your chosen subject, explore what can I do with my degree?

Foundation degree

A foundation degree offers a combination of workplace learning and academic study. It carries the same weight as two-thirds of a Bachelors degree - equivalent to an HND or DipHE qualification, at Level 5 of the RQF.

Candidates looking to formalise their workplace knowledge with a qualification, or those looking to enter a specific profession, may wish to consider a foundation degree.

Read more about studying for a foundation degree.

How long does it take to complete a foundation degree?

Studying a foundation degree full time usually takes two years, with part-time courses lasting around four years.

What subjects can I study for a foundation degree?

• business
• computer science
• education
• music
• nursing
• psychology
• tourism.

What are the entry requirements for foundation degrees?

There are typically no set eligibility requirements, as company training and relevant work experience are considered more useful than formal qualifications.

How are foundation degrees taught and assessed?

As these courses are vocational in nature, they are delivered through a range of methods, including:

• lab sessions
• lectures
• online modules
• practical workshops
• seminars
• work-based learning, such as work placements or internships.

Foundation degrees are assessed using various techniques, such as:

• coursework, e.g. essays, reports, projects, and presentations
• exams
• practical assessments, including real-world projects and portfolios
• work-based assessments like reports and presentations.

How much does it cost to study a foundation degree?

Tuition fees vary between courses and institutions.

For example, the Foundation Degree in Early Years Leadership at Leeds Trinity University costs £5,000 per year for 2025/26. Alternatively, the Foundation Degree in Games Development at Sheffield College is £7,500 to £8,000, with St Mary's University Twickenham London charging £9,535 per year for their Foundation Degree in Physical Education and Sports Coaching.

Higher National Diploma (HND)

Another Level 5 qualification, an HND is equivalent to the second year of a Bachelors degree. These courses are typically provided by HE institutions and FE colleges.

An HND can lead directly to a career or be extended via a top-up course into a full Bachelors degree. Applications for full-time HNDs and top-ups are made through UCAS.

Discover more about HND courses.

How long does it take to complete an HND?

It takes two years of full-time study to complete, or three to four years part time, and is designed to equip you with skills relevant to your chosen career.

What subjects can I study for an HND?

Those looking to enter the following practical industries may benefit more from an HND than a Bachelors degree:

• agriculture
• electrical and electronic engineering
• health and social care
• sport.

What are the entry requirements for HNDs?

To gain entry, you'll need a minimum of one or two A-levels.

How are HNDs taught and assessed?

They are mostly classroom taught, but assessment is by projects, presentations and practical tasks rather than traditional exams. Depending on your course subject, you also might be expected to complete work placements.

How much does it cost to study an HND?

To give you an idea of course fees, a two-year full-time HND in Digital Film and Television from Glasgow Clyde College is set at £1,285 per year for those eligible to claim SAAS (Student Awards Agency Scotland) support in 2025/26. Other UK residents will be charged the higher rate of £3,000 per year.

Conversely, a one-year full-time Quantity Surveying HND top-up course from University Campus Oldham costs £6,500.

Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE)

A DipHE at Level 5 is the academic equivalent to the HND and is recognised as a standalone qualification. Teaching is delivered to the standard of a full undergraduate degree, making the DipHE an attractive option for students who can't commit to a three-year degree.

How long does it take to complete a DipHE?

A DipHE is typically awarded after two years of full-time study at a university or other HE institution, although it can be achieved within 12 to 18 months.

As long as the DipHE is available for your chosen subject, you may be able to leave a Bachelors course early and still obtain a DipHE.

You can also take the Level 4 Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE), which is one level below the DipHE and requires one year of full-time study to complete. It's a viable option for those considering transferring onto a Bachelors course they don't have the qualifications for.

What subjects can I study for a DipHE?

This diploma is offered in subjects such as:

• animal science
• counselling
• healthcare
• nursing
• paramedic science
• textile design.

What are the entry requirements for a DipHE?

What's expected of you will depend on the course and institution, but you'll typically require a specific number of UCAS Tariff points from qualifications such as A-levels or BTEC diplomas.

Many DipHE programmes will also require GCSE passes in English language and maths.

For example, applications for the two-year part-time, online DipHE Health and Care Management at Arden University are considered on a case-by-case basis.

They typically expect two A-level passes, plus a grade C/4 or above in three GCSE subjects. However, they state that if you don't meet these requirements, they will also take into account those who have gained significant skills and responsibility in a health and/or care role.

How is a DipHE taught and assessed?

This qualification is usually delivered through a combination of:

• lectures
• seminars
• tutorials
• practical work.

The methods of assessment will depend on the subject, but you could be asked to complete:

• written assignments
• exams
• projects.

For instance, the DipHE Health and Care Management at Arden University won't ask you to sit any exams. Instead, you'll hone your transferable skills through:

• case studies
• essays
• podcasts
• presentations
• reports.

The DipHE is graded in tiers, so you could achieve a:

• fail
• pass
• pass with merit
• pass with distinction.

How much does it cost to study a DipHE?

It typically costs the same as a two-year Bachelors degree, which can be up to £9,535 per year (2025/26).

Higher National Certificate (HNC)

These Level 4 practical-based qualifications are the vocational equivalent to the CertHE and count as a first year spent at university.

Once completed, an HNC typically leads either directly into the world of work or provides entry into the second year of a Bachelors degree.

Discover more about HNC qualifications.

How long does it take to complete an HNC?

They take a year to complete when studied full time, or two years part time.

What subjects can I study for an HNC?

• accounting
• business management
• childcare
• construction
• engineering.

What are the entry requirements for an HNC?

Most HNCs expect you to hold at least one A-level or equivalent. However, some courses may have additional requirements, such as previous experience or particular GCSE grades.

For instance, the Early Childhood Education and Care at the University of Roehampton London seeks 72 to 88 UCAS points. These could be obtained from two A-levels at grades BC, or from a variety of other qualifications, including BTEC diplomas.

How is an HNC taught and assessed?

HNC courses are delivered through a mix of classroom teaching, practical skills development and project work with assessment focusing on practical assignments rather than exams.

At the end of the course, you'll be given one of the following grades:

• Unclassified (U)
• Pass (P)
• Merit (M)
• Distinction (D).

How much does it cost to study an HNC?

The fees for HNC courses are often the same as when studying for a degree. For instance, the one-year full-time HNC Civil Engineering at Liverpool John Moores University costs £9,535.

Despite this, cheaper options are available, such as the two-year part-time HNC Construction from the University of Portsmouth, which charges £3,010 per year.

National Vocational Qualification (NVQ)

NVQs are focused on practical skills in the context of your full or part-time work. You must be employed prior to enrolling on an NVQ course.

NVQs are awarded at seven different levels, equivalent to other academic qualifications.

For instance:

• a Level 7 NVQ is equivalent to a Masters degree
• a Level 6 NVQ is the same as a Bachelors degree
• Levels 4 and 5 equate to the first and second years of a Bachelors degree respectively.

How long does it take to complete an NVQ?

This depends on the level you choose to study at and the individual course, but they typically take six to 18 months.

For example, you can expect to achieve an NVQ at Level 3 (equivalent to two A-levels) within 12 to 18 months, while an NVQ at Level 6 (Bachelors degree level) can often be completed in six to 12 months.

What subjects can I study for an NVQ?

• agriculture
• business and management
• energy management
• engineering and manufacturing
• health and beauty
• leisure and hospitality
• property and construction
• retail
• social care
• technology.

What are the entry requirements for an NVQ?

There are no specific requirements to enrol in an NVQ course. However, you must have a job or work placement that provides the platform to develop the essential skills required for a specific level of NVQ.

How are NVQs taught and assessed?

Instead of taking exams, you're assessed by demonstrating your ability to do your job over a period of time, submitting a portfolio, and being observed by an assessor.

Candidates are assessed on each unit when they're ready, so there is no time limit on completing NVQ modules.

How much does it cost to study an NVQ?

NVQ fees vary between courses and institutions. For instance, a Level 4 NVQ Diploma in Advice and Guidance from Barnsley College costs £1,395, while a Level 5 NVQ Diploma in Management and Leadership from The Open University will set you back £2,700.

The Scottish equivalent to an NVQ is a Scottish Vocational Qualification (SVQ), with these available from Level 2 through to Level 4. In terms of fees, West College Scotland charges £2,300 for its Level 4 courses.

Find out more

• Discover how to get into university.
• Get the lowdown on university life.
• Consider other alternatives to university.